貧困村

進入21世紀，隨著《國家八七扶貧攻堅計劃（1994-2000年）》完成，中國貧困人口集中連片的狀況明顯改變，貧困人口分布呈現出“大分散、小集中”的新特點，貧困人口主要集中聚居在那些地域偏遠、交通不便、經濟和社會事業發展相對滯后的村落。針對這一新的減貧形勢，中國開始將貧困村作為扶貧開發的瞄準單元。中共十八大以來，精準扶貧精準脫貧成為打贏脫貧攻堅戰的基本方略。準確找出貧困村在哪里、確定誰是貧困戶，給他們建檔立卡，成為精準扶貧的“一號工程”。為此，國務院扶貧辦2014年4月印發《扶貧開發建檔立卡工作方案》，明確了貧困村標準。貧困村識別原則上按照“一高一低一無”的標準進行，即行政村貧困發生率比全省貧困發生率高一倍以上，行政村2013年全村農民人均純收入低于全省平均水平的60%，行政村無集體經濟收入。2014年4月至10月，全國共識別出12.8萬個貧困村、2948萬貧困戶、8962萬貧困人口，基本摸清了全國貧困人口分布、致貧原因、脫貧需求等“貧困家底”，建立起了全國統一的扶貧開發信息系統，為精準扶貧提供了大數據支撐。

Poor Villages

With the completion of the Seven-year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994-2000), the conditions of contiguous poor areas had been notably improved. The remaining poor mainly lived in remote villages with poor transportation and backward economic and social development. To address this problem, China had turned to targeting poor villages as the focus of poverty reduction.

Since 2012, targeted poverty alleviation and elimination have been the overall strategy, so it is essential to determine which villages and households are eligible for state assistance. To this end, the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development in 2014 released a Plan for Poverty Alleviation Registration, defining the standards for poor villages. Technically, a village would be labeled as “poor” if its poverty headcount ratio was more than double that of its province, if its per-capita net income was lower than 60 percent of the provincial average in 2013, and if the village had no collective economic earnings.

From April to October 2014, a total of 128,000 poor villages with 29.48 million poor households and 89.62 million impoverished people were identified. The government also gained a clear picture of their locations, the causes of their poverty, and their particular needs for poverty elimination. A nationwide unified information system of poverty alleviation was thus created to provide big data for relevant endeavors.