On red alert
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When Zang Na was told her friends were planning to marry, she was naturally over the moon - but her excitement was quickly replaced by dread when she received invitations to seven wedding banquets ahead of the National Day holidays.
Together, these extravagantly designed invites promised a devastating blow to her savings over the "golden week" break.
"It means I will have to give each couple hong bao, a red envelope stuffed with at least 200 yuan ($30). That's half of my monthly salary," groaned the 27-year-old primary school teacher in the Dongcheng district of Beijing. "I will really have to tighten my belt next month. No wonder people have branded them 'red fines' instead."
Hong bao is given on special occasions, such as Spring Festival, weddings and birthdays, and is a ritual mentioned in books from as far back as the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).
Red is lucky in Chinese culture but, when it comes to the envelope ritual, those on a tight budget would be forgiven for seeing it, as the West does, as meaning danger.
"If you get invited you have to pay up," said Yu Nan, 25, a Beijing IT technician, who earns less than 5,000 yuan a month and complained that, no matter how empty his wallet is after paying his mortgage, he still could not avoid the ritual.
"Last month was a nightmare. I had to attend 11 wedding ceremonies and gave out more than 10,000 yuan. I even had to borrow cash from colleagues to fill the envelopes," he added.
Despite its long history, the tradition disappeared for a time in the 1950s, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, when people simply gave xi tang, or wedding candy, instead of expensive gifts.
"My uncle married during that period and he and his bride-to-be just invited friends and relatives to chat and eat wedding candy in their new home," recalled Xiao Lin, a 50-something from Luoyang, Henan province. "However, couples started to receive gifts again in the shape of life necessaries, like wash basins, in the 1960s."
By the late 1970s and 80s, hong bao was back.
"I tied the knot in 1980 and some of my colleagues gave up to 10 yuan. The average wage was just 40 to 50 yuan at the time, which means these people handed over a quarter of their salary," said Liu Min, a 46-year-old from Shenyang, Liaoning province.
Today, 200 yuan is seen as a "fair" amount of hong bao to give, while a survey in April by Sina.com, a major Chinese news portal, found that, of its 2,600 respondents, 45 percent said they would give 500 yuan to close friends and at least 1,000 yuan to bosses and relatives.It never rains, it pours, when it comes to hong bao, with the number of weddings usually peaking during the Spring Festival, May Day and National Day holidays.
Particular days are also seen as "lucky dates" for marriage, such as Sept 9, which is pronounced the same in Chinese for "long lasting".
